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Controlled Trials
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| Mellen,
R. R., and W. Mackey (2009). Reducing sheriff’s officers’ symptoms
of depression using cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES):
a control experimental study. The Correctional Psychologist,
41(1)9-15. |
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| Mellen,
R. R., and W. Mackey (2008). Cranial electrotherapy stimulation
(CES) and the reduction of stress symptoms in a sheriff's jail
security and patrol officer population. American Jails,
22(5):32-38. |
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| Tan,
G., Rintala, D. H., Thornby, J., Yang, J., Wade, W., and
C. Vasilev. (2006).Using cranial electrotherapy stimulation
to treat pain associated with spinal cord injury. Journal
of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 43:461-474. |
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| Cork,
R. C., P. Wood, N. Ming, C. Shepherd, J. Eddy, and L. Price
(2004). The effect of cranial electrotherapy
stimulation (CES) on pain associated with fibromyalgia. The
Internet Journal of Anesthesiology. Volume 8(2). |
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| Lichtbroun,
A. S., M. C. Raicer, and R. B. Smith (2001). The treatment
of fibromyalgia with cranial electrotherapy stimulation. Journal
of Clinical Rheumatology, 7(2):72-78. |
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| Schroeder,
M. J., and R. E. Barr (2001). Quantitative analysis of
electroencephalogram during cranial electrotherapy stimulation. Clinical
Neurophysiology. 112:2075-2083.
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| Sizer
P., S. Sawyer, J. Brismee, K. Jones, J. Bruce, and J. Slauterbeck
(2000). Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center and
University Medical Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA. The effect
of microcurrent stimulation on postoperative pain after patellar
tendon-bone anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Presented
at the American Physical Therapy Association Annual Conference
and Exposition, Indianapolis, Indiana; June, 2000. |
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| Tan,
G., T. Monga, and J. Thornby (2000). Efficacy of microcurrent
electrical stimulation on pain severity, psychological
distress, and disability. American Journal of Pain
Management, 10(1):35-44. |
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| Winick,
R. L. (1999). Cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES): a safe
and effective low cost means of anxiety control in a dental
practice. General Dentistry, 47(1):50-55. |
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| Heffernan,
M. (1997). The effect of variable microcurrents on EEG spectrum
and pain control. Canadian Journal of Clinical Medicine,
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| Heffernan,
M. (1996). Comparative effects of microcurrent stimulation
on EEG spectrum and correlation dimension. Integrative
Physiological and Behavioral Science, 31(3):202-209. |
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| Voris,
M. D., and S. Good (1996). Treating sexual offenders using
cranial electrotherapy stimulation. Medical Scope Monthly,
3(11):14-18. |
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| Voris,
M. D. (1995). An investigation of the effectiveness
of cranial electrotherapy stimulation in the treatment of
anxiety disorders among outpatient psychiatric patients,
impulse control parolees and pedophiles. Delos Mind/Body
Institute, Dallas and Corpus Christi, Texas, 1995. |
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| Heffernan,
M. (1995). The effect of a single cranial electrotherapy
stimulation on multiple stress measures. The Townsend
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| Overcash,
S. J., and A. Siebenthall (1989). The effects of cranial
electrotherapy stimulation and multisensory cognitive therapy
on the personality and anxiety levels of substance abuse
patients. American Journal of Electromedicine, 6(2):105-111. |
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| Zimmerman,
S. I., and F. N. Lerner (1989). Biofeedback and electromedicine
reduce the cycle of pain spasm pain in low back patients. Medical
Electronics, 117:108-120. |
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| Brotman,
P. (1989). Low-intensity transcranial electrostimulation
improves the efficacy of thermal biofeedback and quieting
reflex training in the treatment of classical migraine headache. American
Journal of Electromedicine, 6(5):120-123. |
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| Gibson,
T. H., and D. E. O'Hair (1987). Cranial application of
low level transcranial electrotherapy vs. relaxation instruction
in anxious patients. American Journal of Electromedicine,
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| Roth,
P. M., and W. J. Thrash (1986). Effect of transcutaneous
electrical nerve stimulation for controlling pain associated
with orthodontic tooth movement. American Journal
of Orthodontics, 90(2):132-138. |
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| Open
Clinical Trials |
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| Bystritsky,
A., L. Kerwin and J. D. Feusner (2008). A pilot study of
cranial electrotherapy stimulation for generalized anxiety
disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry,
February 6, 2008:e1-e6. |
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| Kennerly,
R. (2004). QEEG analysis of cranial electrotherapy:
a pilot study. Journal of Neurotherapy (8)2. |
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| Tae-Kyu
L., L. Kwan-Sung, J. Shin-Soo, H. Young-Kil, P. Chun-Kun, and
K. Moon-Chan (2004). The control of chronic pain using microcurrent
electrical therapy and cranial electrotherapy stimulation.
From the Department of Neurosurgery, Kangnam St. Mary’s
Hospital, College Of Medicine, and The Catholic University
of Korea, Seoul, Korea. Presented at the Korea Society for
Stereotactic & Functional Neurosurgery April 14, 2004. |
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| Kulkarni,
A. D. and R. B. Smith (2001). The use of microcurrent electrical
therapy and cranial electrotherapy stimulation in pain control. Clinical
Practice of Alternative Medicine. 2(2):99-102. |
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| Overcash,
S. J. (1999). Cranial electrotherapy stimulation in patients
suffering from acute anxiety disorders. American Journal
of Electromedicine, 16(1):49-51. |
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| Smith,
R. B, and F. N. Shiromoto (1992). The use of cranial electrotherapy
stimulation to block fear perception in phobic patients. Journal
of Current Therapeutic Research, 51(2):249-253. |
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Case
Series and Case Reports
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| Eidelman,
W.S. (2009). Control of cigarette cravings with cranial electrotherapy
stimulation.
The Townsend Letter for Doctors, 311(6):81-85. |
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| Bracciano et al. (2009). Cranial electrotherapy stimulation
in the treatment of posttraumatic
stress disorder. Poster presented at Creighton University St.
Albert's Day, Omaha, Nebraska, March 31, 2009. |
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| Mellen,
R. R., and S. Mitchell (2008). Cranial electrotherapy stimulation:
a case study. The Correctional Psychologist, 4(4):4-8. |
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| Childs,
A., and L. Price (2007). Cranial electrotherapy stimulation
reduces aggression in violent neuropsychiatric patients. Primary
Psychiatry, 14(3):50-56. |
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| Childs,
A. (2005). Cranial electrotherapy stimulation reduces aggression
in a violent retarded population: a preliminary report. The
Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences,
17(4): 548-551. |
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| Overcash,
S. (2005). The effect of ROSHI protocol and cranial electrotherapy
stimulation on a 9-year-old anxious, dyslexic male with attention
deficit disorder: A case study. Journal of Neurotherapy,
9(2):63-77. |
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| Plotnick,
S. E. (2005). Finding hope: Alpha-Stim® 100 may help
clinicians yield better fibromyalgia results. Advance
for Directors in Rehabilitation, p. 82. |
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| Frick,
A., and D. McCauley (2005). Microcurrent electrical therapy
heals a recalcitrant wound in a horse. Journal of Equine
Veterinary Science 25(11): 418-422. |
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| Smith,
R. B. (2001). Is microcurrent stimulation effective in pain
management? An additional perspective. American Journal
of Pain Management, 11(2):62-66. |
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| Clark,
N., D. Mills, and J. Marchant (2000). Evaluation
of the potential efficacy of the Alpha-Stim® SCS in the
horse. DeMontfort University Equestrian Centre and Field Station,
Caythorpe, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom. January, 2000. |
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| Alpher,
E. J., and D. L. Kirsch (1998). Traumatic
brain injury and full body reflex sympathetic dystrophy patient
treated with cranial electrotherapy stimulation. American
Journal of Pain Management, 8(4):124-128. |
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| Bauer,
W. (1983a). Neuroelectric Medicine. Journal of Bioelectricity,
2(2&3):159-180. |
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| Bauer,
W. (1983b). Electrical treatment of severe head and neck cancer
pain. Archives of Otolaryngology, 109(6):382-383. |
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Meta-Analyses,
Reviews and Commentaries
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| Kirsch,
D. (2008). CES for mild traumatic brain inury. Practical
Pain Management,
July/August 2008:70-77. |
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| Kirsch,
D., and M. Gilula (2008). CES in the treatment of pain-related
disorders. Practical Pain Management, April 2008:12-25. |
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| Kirsch,
D., and M. Gilula (2007). CES in the treatment of insomnia:
a review and meta-analysis. Practical Pain Management,
October 2007:28-39. |
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| Tan, G., and
M. P. Jensen (2007). Integrating complementary and alternative
medicine
(CAM) into multidisciplinary
chronic pain treatment. In Multidisciplinary Chronic Pain
Management: a Guidebook for Program Development and Excellence
of Treatment. Schatman and Campbell (editors), Taylor & Francis, Pp. 75-99. |
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| Gilula,
M. (2007). Cranial electrotherapy stimulation and fibromyalgia.
Expert Review of Medical Devices 4(4):489-495. |
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| Kirsch,
D., and M. Gilula (2007). Cranial electrotherapy stimulation in
the treatment of depression: a review of the results of meta-analysis
conducted on CES studies – Part 2. Practical Pain Management,
June 2007:32-40. |
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| Kirsch,
D., and M. Gilula (2007). CES in the treatment of depression–
Part 1. Practical Pain Management, May 2007:33-41. |
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| Sussman, N. (2007). Editor’s Note: What next? Overcoming
treatment resistance. Primary Psychiatry, 14(3):15-16. |
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| Kirsch,
D., and M. Gilula (2007). CES in the treatment of anxiety
disorders: statistical considerations in the meta-analysis
of cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) treatment of
anxiety disorders – Part 2. Practical Pain Management,
April 2007:22-39. |
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| Kirsch,
D. L., and M. Gilula (2007). CES in the treatment of
anxiety disorders: A review and meta-analysis of cranial
electrotherapy stimulation (CES) in the treatment of
anxiety disorders – Part 1. Practical Pain
Management, March 2007:40-47. |
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| Tan,
G., Alvarez, J. A., and M. P. Jensen. (2006). Complementary
and alternative medicine approaches to pain management. Journal
of Clinical Psychology: In Session, 62(11):1419-1431. |
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| Kirsch,
D. L. (2006). Cranial electrotherapy stimulation in the treatment
of fibromyalgia. Practical Pain Management, 6(6):60-64.
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| Kirsch,
D. L. (2006). Cranial electrotherapy stimulation for the treatment
of anxiety, depression, insomnia and other conditions. Natural
Medicine, 23:118-120. |
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| Gilula,
M. F., and D. L. Kirsch (2005). Cranial electrotherapy stimulation
review: a safer alternative to psychopharmaceuticals in the treatment
of depression. Journal of Neurotherapy, 9(2):7-26. |
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| Gilula,
M. F. and P. R. Barach (2004). Cranial electrotherapy stimulation:
a safe neuromedical treatment for anxiety, depression or
insomnia. Southern Medical Journal. 97(12):1269-1270. |
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| Kirsch,
D. L., and R. Smith (2004). Cranial
electrotherapy stimulation for anxiety, depression, insomnia,
cognitive dysfunction, and pain: a review and meta-analyses.
In Bioelectromagnetic Medicine. Paul J. Rosch, Ed.
Marcel Dekker, New York, Pp 727-740. |
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| DeBock,
P. (2000). European perspective: a comparison between MET and
TENS. Physical Therapy Products, Sept 2000:28-33 (1981). |
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| Mercola,
J. M. and D. L. Kirsch (1995). The basis for microcurrent
electrical therapy in conventional medical practice. Journal
of Advancement in Medicine, 8(2):107-120. |
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| Tutorials |
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| Kirsch,
D. L. (2006). Electromedical treatment of headaches. Practical
Pain Management, 6(8):58-65. |
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| Kirsch,
D. L. (2006). Microcurrent electrical therapy (MET): A tutorial. Practical
Pain Management, 6(7):59-64. |
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| Kirsch,
D. L. (2002). A practical protocol for electromedical treatment
of pain. Chapter 61 in Pain Management: A Practical Guide
for Clinicians (the textbook of the American Academy of
Pain Management) edited by Richard S. Weiner, CRC Press, Boca
Raton, Florida, 2002. |
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| Kirsch,
D. L. (2002). Electromedicine: the other
side of physiology. Chapter 60 in Pain Management:
A Practical Guide for Clinicians (the textbook of
the American Acadamy of Pain Management) edited by Richard
S. Weiner, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, Pp 749-758,
2002. |
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